At high temperatures (close to the melting point), and Q are low, so tidal heating is high. However, the observed 4.7 gigawatts heat flux is enough to power the cryovolcanism without the presence of ammonia. more radiogenic heating or a more eccentric orbit in the past). [39] Impact craters are named after characters, whereas other feature types, such as fossae (long, narrow depressions), dorsa (ridges), planitiae (plains), sulci (long parallel grooves), and rupes (cliffs) are named after places. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute. The next full Moon goes by many names including the Buck Moon. The camera aboard NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft imaged Saturn on Oct. 13, 2021. The source of the impactor might have been a unique satellite-centric debris, a unique impactor population . On Oct. 9, 2008, just after coming within 25 kilometers (15.6 miles) of the surface of Enceladus, NASA's Cassini captured this stunning mosaic as the spacecraft sped away from this geologically active moon of Saturn. William Herschel's son John Herschel suggested the name in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observation made at the Cape of Good Hope, in which he suggested names for the first seven Saturnian moons discovered. Enceladus Diagrams Enceladus size compared to the Moon and Earth [144], Enceladus ejects plumes of salted water laced with grains of silica-rich sand,[145] nitrogen (in ammonia),[146] and organic molecules, including trace amounts of simple hydrocarbons such as methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), acetylene (C2H2) and formaldehyde (CH2O), which are carbon-bearing molecules. [50][51][52][53] This hypothesis was confirmed by Cassini's first two close flybys in 2005. Combined with the apparent youthful appearance of the surface, Voyager scientists suggested that the E ring consisted of particles vented from Enceladus's surface.[166]. The Enceladus Orbilander would be launched on a similarly affordable rocket, but would cost about $5 billion, and be designed to endure eighteen months in orbit inspecting Enceladus' plumes before landing and spending two Earth years conducting surface astrobiology research. Social Media Lead: The gravitational tug of a planetary body, such as Enceladus, alters a spacecraft's flight path ever so slightly. Enceladus orbits Saturn twice every time Dione, a larger moon, orbits once. "[188][189] In September 2018, NASA and the Breakthrough Initiatives, founded by Milner, signed a cooperation agreement for the mission's initial concept phase. [142], In 2016, a study of how the orbits of Saturn's moons should have changed due to tidal effects suggested that all of Saturn's satellites inward of Titan, including Enceladus (whose geologic activity was used to derive the strength of tidal effects on Saturn's satellites), may have formed as little as 100 million years ago. [138] Additional historical information is needed to explain how Enceladus first entered the high-energy state (e.g. Although the heat from radioactivity would decrease over time, the combination of radioactivity and tidal forces from Saturn's gravitational tug could prevent the subsurface ocean from freezing. Dunyazad crater is a prime example of a viscously relaxed crater on Enceladus, with a prominent domed floor. Enceladus orbits an average of only 147,909 miles (238,037 km) around the ringed planet. The smooth plains, which Voyager 2 had observed, resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small ridges and scarps. He chose these names in particular because Saturn, known in Greek mythology as Cronus, was the leader of the Titans.Additional Resources, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov In July 2009 it was announced that traces of ammonia had been found in the plumes during flybys in July and October 2008. [102], The Cassini spacecraft flew through the southern plumes on several occasions to sample and analyze its composition. This page showcases our resources for those interested in learning more about Saturn and Titan. Managing Editor: Because no ammonia was initially found in the vented material by INMS or UVIS, which could act as an antifreeze, it was thought such a heated, pressurized chamber would consist of nearly pure liquid water with a temperature of at least 270K (3C), because pure water requires more energy to melt. Czechowski, L. (December 2014). Geological features on Enceladus are named by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) after characters and places from Richard Francis Burton's 1885 translation of The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. Many of these fractures are found in bands cutting across cratered terrain. Jupiter's gravity is 2.5 times stronger than Earth's gravity. [171] Cassini performed a flyby on October 28, 2015, passing as close as 49km (30mi) and through a plume. Our understanding of Neptune's magnetosphere and aurora is limited almost entirely to radio, UV and in-situ observations made by Voyager 2. [31] It has been speculated that such activity could be a potential oasis of habitability. [113][115], Further analysis in 2019 was done of the spectral characteristics of ice grains in Enceladus's erupting plumes. Parts of Enceladus show craters up to 22 miles (35 kilometers) in diameter, while other regions have few craters, indicating major resurfacing events in the geologically recent past. Enceladus and south polar jets (April 13, 2017). All of these factors make it impossible for . Planets larger than Jupiter with years lasting a week; others with two suns . The average global thickness of the ice is thought to be about 12 to 16 miles (20 to 25 kilometers). The Jovian moon has hundreds of volcanoes and is considered the most active moon in the solar system, sending plumes of . [90] Given Enceladus's relatively high rockmass fraction, the proposed enhancement in 26Al and 60Fe would result in a differentiated body, with an icy mantle and a rocky core. Also, like some other moons in the extensive systems of the giant planets, Enceladus is trapped in whats called an orbital resonance, which is when two or more moons line up with their parent planet at regular intervals and interact gravitationally. [110], The mass spectrometer detected molecular hydrogen (H2) which was in "thermodynamic disequilibrium" with the other components,[111] and found traces of ammonia (NH3). A similar value is obtained by assuming that the initial densities of Enceladus and Mimas were equal. Triton is also in a high-inclination orbit compared to Neptune's equatorial plane, which some scientists have predicted is sufficient to maintain an internal ocean under the moon's icy surface. [65], Evidence of tectonics on Enceladus is also derived from grooved terrain, consisting of lanes of curvilinear grooves and ridges. [26][98], Measurements of Enceladus's "wobble" as it orbits Saturncalled librationsuggests that the entire icy crust is detached from the rocky core and therefore that a global ocean is present beneath the surface. [6] Enceladus orbits within the densest part of Saturn's E ring, the outermost of its major rings, and is the main source of the ring's material composition. Enceladus is one of the major inner satellites of Saturn along with Dione, Tethys, and Mimas. NASA-funded scientists have discovered shaded locations within pits on the Moon that always hover around a comfortable 63 F. From deep below the soil at Earths polar regions to Plutos frozen heart, ice exists all over the solar systemand beyond. [145][148] In addition, models indicate[149] that the large rocky core is porous, allowing water to flow through it, transferring heat and chemicals. [141] It suggests that tectonics in the south polar region is probably mainly related to subsidence and associated subduction caused by the process of mass loss. [6][68] The area has few sizable impact craters, suggesting that it is the youngest surface on Enceladus and on any of the mid-sized icy satellites; modeling of the cratering rate suggests that some regions of the south polar terrain are possibly as young as 500,000 years or less. Scientists have observed water plumes erupting from Enceladus, and believe similar plumes can be found on Europa. Enceladus and early Earth There's a popular idea that life on Earth began about 4 billion years ago on stretches of ocean floor where sunlight couldn't reach. Enceladus Saturn's sixth-largest moon was recently found to be one of the most promising places for life in our solar system outside of Earth, perhaps even surpassing Europa in its prospects. By measuring the effect of such deflections on the frequency of Cassini's signal as the orbiter traveled past Enceladus, the scientists were able to learn about the moon's gravitational field. [105][106][147] This indicates that hydrothermal activity an energy source may be at work in Enceladus's subsurface ocean. [18][36] Its faint apparent magnitude (HV = +11.7) and its proximity to the much brighter Saturn and Saturn's rings make Enceladus difficult to observe from Earth with smaller telescopes. The eruptions appear to be continuous, generating an enormous halo of fine ice dust around Enceladus, which supplies material to Saturn's E-ring. The shape, orientation, and location of these features suggest they are caused by changes in the overall shape of Enceladus. At such times, the reduction in glare from the rings makes the moons easier to observe. These new-found worlds are more alien than anything in fiction. Enceladus' 1.3-Earth-day orbit around Saturn is slightly elliptical (egg-shaped), so the moon's distance from Saturn changes regularly as it travels in its orbit. Much of Enceladus's surface is covered with craters at various densities and levels of degradation. In 2023, NASAs Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) will land near the western edge of the Nobile Crater at the Moons South Pole. Enceladus is tidally locked with Saturn, keeping the same face toward the planet. Tiger Lu, Hanno Rein, Daniel Tamayo, Sam Hadden, Rosemary Mardling, Sarah C. Millholland, Gregory Laughlin. The mission revealed a planet so phenomenal scientists had to go back. The Cassini spacecraft has been gone for a year now, but the science continues. [141], Enceladus is losing mass at a rate of 200kg/second. [47] Tidal dissipation of Enceladus's ice crust is significant because Enceladus has a subsurface ocean. (0.0209), compared to Earth (1.98). The plumes of Enceladus were observed to be continuous to within a factor of a few. the tall man aboriginal spirit; metadata api request failed: component conversion failed: file_ended; caleb foote sandlot [6] All of this indicates that Enceladus's interior is liquid today, even though it should have been frozen long ago. Bill Dunford Enceladus is named after the giant Enceladus of Greek mythology. Enceladus is much smaller than Earth and therefore has far weaker gravity, which would correlate with smaller pressure at a given altitude. Enceladus is tidally locked with Saturn, keeping the same face toward the planet. A mass spectrometer on the craft detected molecular hydrogen (H2) from the plume, and after months of analysis, the conclusion was made that the hydrogen was most likely the result of hydrothermal activity beneath the surface. [15] During the two following encounters, the magnetometer team determined that gases in Enceladus's atmosphere are concentrated over the south polar region, with atmospheric density away from the pole being much lower. It was confirmed by observations and other research. [62] This subdivision of cratered terrains on the basis of crater density (and thus surface age) suggests that Enceladus has been resurfaced in multiple stages. [106] Cassini also found traces of simple organic compounds in some dust grains,[96][107] as well as larger organics such as benzene (C6H6),[108] and complex macromolecular organics as large as 200 atomic mass units,[33][109] and at least 15 carbon atoms in size. A rotocraft will fly in Titan's dense atmosphere, seeking prebiotic chemical processes. Modeling suggests that for Enceladus, both a 'basic' low-energy thermal state with little internal temperature gradient, and an 'excited' high-energy thermal state with a significant temperature gradient, and consequent convection (endogenic geologic activity), once established, would be stable. [29], These geyser observations, along with the finding of escaping internal heat and very few (if any) impact craters in the south polar region, show that Enceladus is currently geologically active. [160][161][162], The presence of ample hydrogen in Enceladus's ocean means that microbes if any exist there could use it to obtain energy by combining the hydrogen with carbon dioxide dissolved in the water. gravity the planets mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus and neptune dwarf planets such as pluto dozens of moons and millions of web 2 We discuss how gravity differences may affect the growth of such chemical-garden structures on Enceladus compared to on Earth. Cassini observations of the Samarkand Sulci have revealed dark spots (125 and 750 m wide) located parallel to the narrow fractures. Planetary and Space Science. Another region of smooth plains to the southwest of Sarandib is criss-crossed by several troughs and scarps. For the first time, astronomers have uncovered evidence of water vapor in the atmosphere of Jupiter's moon Ganymede. Enceladus is currently in a 2:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with Dione, completing two orbits around Saturn for every one orbit completed by Dione. The Y-shaped discontinuities, and the northsouth trending tension fractures into which they lead, are correlated with younger terrain with presumably thinner lithospheres. At Enceladus, it appears that cryovolcanism occurs because water-filled cracks are periodically exposed to vacuum, the cracks being opened and closed by tidal stresses.[83][84][85]. [6] The surface of Enceladus indicates that the entire moon has experienced periods of enhanced heat flux in the past. [43][44], Size comparison of Earth, the Moon, and Enceladus. Design & Development: This geologic diversity contrasts with the ancient, heavily cratered surface of Mimas, another moon of Saturn slightly smaller than Enceladus. Although Jupiter is a great deal larger in size, its surface gravity is just 2.4 times that of the surface gravity of Earth. [11] Because it reflects so much sunlight, its surface only reaches a mean noon temperature of 198C (324F), somewhat colder than other Saturnian satellites. 50-80 km diameter object and Dione, which might have resulted in the resurfacing of its intermediate cratered terrain. Castillo et al. [63] Viscous relaxation allows gravity, over geologic time scales, to deform craters and other topographic features formed in water ice, reducing the amount of topography over time. The IAU has officially named 85 features on Enceladus, most recently Samaria Rupes, formerly called Samaria Fossa. [63], In addition to deep fractures and grooved lanes, Enceladus has several other types of tectonic terrain. [99] The amount of libration (0.120 0.014) implies that this global ocean is about 26 to 31 kilometers (16 to 19 miles) deep. The European Space Agency (ESA) was assessing concepts in 2008 to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan: Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM). [190] The spacecraft would be low-cost, low mass, and would be launched at high speed on an affordable rocket. [57]), Enceladus orbiting within Saturn's Ering, Enceladus geyser tendrils - comparison of images ("a";"c") with computer simulations, Enceladus south polar region - locations of most active tendril-producing geysers, Voyager 2 was the first spacecraft to observe Enceladus's surface in detail, in August 1981. Ridges have also been observed on Enceladus, though not nearly to the extent as those seen on Europa. There was 02-02-2022 and now 02-22-2022 which some people are calling Twosday.. Thanks to the larger asteroid's weak gravity, Dactyl is unlikely to be . Enormous amounts of heat were then produced as these isotopes decayed for about 7 million years, resulting in the consolidation of rocky material at the core surrounded by a shell of ice. Several explanations for the observed elevated temperatures and the resulting plumes have been proposed, including venting from a subsurface reservoir of liquid water, sublimation of ice,[120] decompression and dissociation of clathrates, and shear heating,[121] but a complete explanation of all the heat sources causing the observed thermal power output of Enceladus has not yet been settled. enceladus gravity compared to earth. Currently, these spots are interpreted as collapse pits within these ridged plain belts. But with a mass of 1.08 1020 kg, it is only 0.000018 as massive. The Next Full Moon is the Wolf Moon, Ice Moon, the Moon after Yule, and the Old Moon. The combined analysis of imaging, mass spectrometry, and magnetospheric data suggests that the observed south polar plume emanates from pressurized subsurface chambers, similar to Earth's geysers or fumaroles. It completes one orbit every 32.9 hours within the densest part of Saturn's E Ring. These competing models can significantly alter the age estimate even with the same crater counts. Titan's gravity is 14% of Earth gravity (the Moon is 16.5% and Mars 37.6%), meaning someone weighing 100 kg will feel on Titan what someone hypothetically weighing 14kg would feel on Earth. Enceladus: a cradle of life of the Solar System? Its radius is a mere 156 miles (252 kilometers). In fact, Enceladus is the most reflective body in the solar system. The mission revealed a planet so phenomenal scientists had to go back. If no sub- or superscripts appear on this page - for example, if the "Mass" is given in units of "(1024 kg)" - you may want to check the notes on the sub- and superscripts. [23][24] According to NASA scientists, the plumes are similar in composition to comets. The Cassini spacecraft has been gone for a year now, but the science continues. Frozen: Ice on Earth and Well Beyond This February's calendar has . Since the ocean in Enceladus supplies the jets, and the jets produce Saturns E ring, to study material in the E ring is to study Enceladus ocean. Jupiter's gravity is so strong because it is a much larger planet than Earth. [16][19][21] More than 100 geysers have been identified. Czechowski L. (2015) Mass loss as a driving mechanism of tectonics of Enceladus. 16, EGU2014-9492-1", "A Perspective on Life on Enceladus: A World of Possibilities", "Warm Oceans on Saturn's Moon Enceladus Could Harbor Life", Habitability of Enceladus: Planetary Conditions for Life, "Ocean on Saturn's moon Enceladus could be rich in a key ingredient for life", "Abundant phosphorus expected for possible life in Enceladus's ocean", "Conditions for Life Detected on Saturn Moon Enceladus", "NASA: Ocean on Saturn moon may possess life-sustaining hydrothermal vents", "NASA finds more evidence that the ocean on Enceladus could support alien life", "NASA Missions Provide New Insights into 'Ocean Worlds', "NASA finds ingredients for life spewing out of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus", "Enceladus: Evolution and Possible Relationship to Saturn's E-ring", "Saturn's Geyser Moon Shines in Close Flyby Views", "Cassini Completes Final Close Enceladus Flyby", "Deepest-Ever Dive Through Enceladus Plume Completed", "Cassini Images of Enceladus Suggest Geysers Erupt Liquid Water at the Moon's South Pole", "The search for life from Venus to the outer solar system", "Signs of Europa Plumes Remain Elusive in Search of Cassini Data", "A lander mission to probe subglacial water on Saturn's moon Enceladus for life", "Exciting New 'Enceladus Explorer' Mission Proposed to Search for Life", "Searching for life in the depths of Enceladus", "Diverse destinations considered for new interplanetary probe", "Saturn Moon Enceladus Eyed for Sample-Return Mission", "TandEM (Titan and Enceladus Mission) Workshop", "Private mission may get us back to Enceladus sooner than NASA", "NASA to support initial studies of privately funded Enceladus mission", NASA to support initial studies of privately funded Enceladus mission, Billionaire aims to jump-start search for alien life and rewrite rules of space exploration, A different trajectory for funding space science missions, "Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions", Titan and Enceladus $1B Mission Feasibility Study, "Planetary Science Decadal Survey Enceladus Orbiter", "Discovery Missions for an Icy Moon with Active Plumes", "IceMole Drill Built to Explore Saturn's Icy Moon Enceladus Passes Glacier Test", "LIFE Enceladus Plume Sample Return via Discovery", "LIFE: Life Investigation For Enceladus A Sample Return Mission Concept in Search for Evidence of Life", "Explorer of Enceladus and Titan (E2T): Investigating the habitability and evolution of ocean worlds in the Saturn system", "Cassini: The legend and legacy of one of NASA's most prolific missions", Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Enceladus and other outer solar system satellites, Images of Enceladus at JPL's Planetary Photojournal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&oldid=1142444823, 'Titan and Enceladus $1B Mission Feasibility' Study, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 12:01. At Thanksgiving gatherings, food is shared, leftovers are coveted, and different people have different specialties. In February 2009, it was announced that NASA/ESA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of TSSM,[187] although TSSM will continue to be studied and evaluated. [58] In addition, extensive linear cracks[59] and scarps were observed. [42] It is a scalene ellipsoid in shape; its diameters, calculated from images taken by Cassini's ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) instrument, are 513 km between the sub- and anti-Saturnian poles, 503 km between the leading and trailing hemispheres, and 497 km between the north and south poles. From deep below the soil at Earth's polar regions to Pluto's frozen heart, ice exists all over the solar system.and beyond. [48], Mathematical models show that the E ring is unstable, with a lifespan between 10,000 and 1,000,000 years; therefore, particles composing it must be constantly replenished. Jupiter's moon Ganymede has 46%, and Europa has 16% liquid water by volume. But these tiny particles that float about and settle on surfaces play an important role across the solar system. [157][158] The presence of a wide range of organic compounds and ammonia indicates their source may be similar to the water/rock reactions known to occur on Earth and that are known to support life. Although it is one of the brightest objects in the solar system, the glare from Saturn and its rings. Phil Davis [22] Some of the water vapor falls back as "snow"; the rest escapes and supplies most of the material making up Saturn's Ering. Given the relative lack of craters on the smooth plains, these regions are probably less than a few hundred million years old. NASA has approved development of a Titan mission called Dragonfly. [58] Grooved terrains such as the Samarkand Sulci are reminiscent of grooved terrain on Ganymede. Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn (19th largest in the Solar System).It is about 500 kilometers (310 miles) in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan.Enceladus is mostly covered by fresh, clean ice, making it one of the most reflective bodies of the Solar System. A 15-kg rock is dropped from rest on the earth and reaches the ground in 1.75 s. When it is dropped from the same height on Saturn's satellite Enceladus, the rock reaches the ground in 18.6 s. What is the acceleration due to gravity on Enceladus?. The plumes are about four times brighter when Enceladus is at apoapsis (the point in its orbit most distant from Saturn) than when it is at periapsis. Numerous fractures were found within the older, cratered terrain, suggesting that the surface has been subjected to extensive deformation since the craters were formed. It completes one orbit every 32.9 hours within the densest part of Saturn's E Ring. Our study suspects a relatively low-velocity (5 km/s) collision between a c.a. Enceladus In Depth. There are fissures, plains, corrugated terrain and other crustal deformations. The study introduces a theory about a giant impact on the surface of Dione. [123][124][125][126] A 2007 study predicted the internal heat of Enceladus, if generated by tidal forces, could be no greater than 1.1 gigawatts,[127] but data from Cassini's infrared spectrometer of the south polar terrain over 16 months, indicate that the internal heat generated power is about 4.7 gigawatts,[127] and suggest that it is in thermal equilibrium. Gravity on Mercury: With a mean radius of about 2,440 km and a mass of 3.30 1023 kg, Mercury is approximately 0.383 times the size of Earth and only 0.055 as massive. Geophysical models indicate that tidal heating is a main heat source, perhaps aided by radioactive decay and some heat-producing chemical reactions. Social Media Lead: [165] These images showed a young surface. The first Cassini sighting of a plume of icy particles above Enceladus's south pole came from the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) images taken in January and February 2005,[6] though the possibility of a camera artifact delayed an official announcement. Only a small fraction of the material ends up in the ring, however, with most of it falling like snow back to the moons surface, which helps keep Enceladus bright white. [58] Based on the connection between Enceladus and the Ering, scientists suspected that Enceladus was the source of material in the Ering, perhaps through venting of water vapor. [58] However, based on the effects of Enceladus's gravity on Cassini, its mass was determined to be much higher than previously thought, yielding a density of 1.61 g/cm3. VIMS detected crystalline water ice in the stripes, suggesting that they are quite young (likely less than 1,000 years old) or the surface ice has been thermally altered in the recent past. NASAs Hubble Space Telescope has completed this year's grand tour of the outer solar system. Enceladus is 1,272,000,000km = 0.00013445ly away from Earth Physical Properties Enceladus' surface made up of mostly of nearly pure water ice except near its south pole, where there are light organics, CO2, and amorphous and crystalline water ice, mostly in the region called the "tiger stripes." [12], Observations during three flybys on February 17, March 9, and July 14, 2005, revealed Enceladus's surface features in much greater detail than the Voyager 2 observations. From gravity measurements based on the Doppler effect and the magnitude of the moons very slight wobble as it orbits Saturn, scientists determined that the jets were being supplied by a global ocean inside the moon. [60], Cassini observations provided a much closer look at the crater distribution and size, showing that many of Enceladus's craters are heavily degraded through viscous relaxation and fracturing. These waves are produced by the interaction of ionized particles and magnetic fields, and the waves' frequency is close to the gyrofrequency of the freshly produced ions, in this case water vapor. [95] Soon after, in 2006 it was determined that Enceladus's plumes are the source of Saturn's E Ring. We performed mission simulations to study the sensitivity of single-spacecraft and dual-spacecraft congurations to static gravity and tidal Love numbers of Enceladus. [74] Cassini's UVIS later observed gas jets coinciding with the dust jets seen by ISS during a non-targeted encounter with Enceladus in October 2007. The Next Full Moon is the Harvest Moon, the Fruit Moon, the Barley Moon, and the Corn Moon. "Some remarks on the early evolution of Enceladus". Twenty years ago, the search for planets outside the Solar System was a job restricted to science-fiction writers. [112], A model suggests that Enceladus's salty ocean (-Na, -Cl, -CO3) has an alkaline pH of 11 to 12. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NASACassini/, Mass 104: 18599. Interplanetary missions are similar, but with spaceship parts instead of potatoes or pie. And the density of organic materials in the plume was about 20 times denser than scientists expected. 243 Ida, an asteroid designated as a minor planet, has a moon, measuring just 0.99 miles (1.6 km) across on its longest axis. Using a Bayesian framework, we explored how science requirements map to measurement requirements. NASA-funded scientists have discovered shaded locations within pits on the Moon that always hover around a comfortable 63 F. From deep below the soil at Earths polar regions to Plutos frozen heart, ice exists all over the solar systemand beyond. Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn.It is about 500 kilometers (310 mi) in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's . It orbits at 238,000km (148,000mi) from Saturn's center and 180,000km (110,000mi) from its cloud tops, between the orbits of Mimas and Tethys. By measuring the effect of such deflections on the frequency of Cassini's signal. However, its ocean seems to occupy a larger percentage of the planet's volume compared to Earth's, in addition to being buried under a thick sheet of ice. The Moon is not only the brightest object in our night sky; it is also a caring teammate. Enceladus's gravity (-150 degrees C): 49.08; Atmosphere stability for water molecules: Earth's gravity (15 degrees C): 7.320; .

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