SPRINGFIELD, Mo., Nov. 21 (UPI) Robert Stroud, the convicted murderer who became known as the "Birdman of Alcatraz," died in his sleep today in a prison hospital. According tomurder Pedia, Stroud was a bird-loving person who took care of them in the prison yard and kept them when they were found to be injured. Noida, India richest volleyball player in the world +91 9313127275 ; conclusion of the emperor's new clothes neeraj@enfinlegal.com [11][7], On September 5, 1912, Stroud was sentenced to an additional six months for the attacks, and was transferred from McNeil Island to the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas. All Rights Reserved. His cause of death has not yet been officially revealed. On November 21, 1963, the day before the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Robert Franklin Stroud died at the Springfield Medical Center at the age of 73, having been incarcerated for the last 54 years of his life, of which 42 were in solitary confinement. The warden provided him with some tools and equipment for his research, as he was impressed with the inmate's new interest. His zodiac sign is Aquarius. It was also staged by John Frankenheimer and starred Burt Lancaster as Stroud. Despite the nickname, Stroud had never owned any birds whilst serving time in Alcatraz. Your entry has exceeded the maximum character limit. Subscribers may view the full text of this article in its original form through TimesMachine. 16. Then fifty-six years old, Stroud climbed over the third tier railing and lowered himself to the second tier, then dropped onto the floor of D Block. Han, E. (2007). "He'd be honored. He cared for the sparrows and within a few years had acquired a collection of about 200 canaries. As such, in the State of Oregon Preneed Crematory Sales and Services are conducted under the trade name Neptune Cremation Service. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Stroud, made famous by film legend Burt Lancaster in the 1962 movie 'The Birdman of Alcatraz' - was a genius who wrote several noted studies of bird species and diseases, ironically from inside his own cage. Neptune Society is the largest provider of affordable cremation services in the nation. 32. Stroud was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death by hanging, but after several trials, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in solitary confinement. Alternate titles: Birdman of Alcatraz, Robert Franklin Stroud. "Birdman of Alcatraz" with the release of a biography and a feature film of the same name. . Stroud became the subject of a 1955 book by Thomas E. Gaddis, Birdman of Alcatraz. [28] Given his level of notoriety, the crimes he committed were unremarkable,[10] especially as the assaults he committed had a clear cause. Still in Robert is related to Angela Marie Stroud and Marilyn Jeane Stroud as well as 2 additional people. Robert Stroud : biography January 28, 1890 - November 21, 1963 The song The Birdman by Our Lady Peace is about Robert Stroud. Robert Stroud began his 54-year stay behind bars after killing a man in 1909. solitary confinement, taking a job in the prison print shop. It starred Burt Lancaster as Stroud, Karl Malden as a fictionalized and renamed warden, Thelma Ritter as Stroud's mother and Betty Field as his wife, renamed Stella Johnson in the film. Stroud's mother pleaded for her son's case, and in 1920, President Woodrow Wilson agreed to commute his death sentence and instead gave him life in prison without parole, per Alcatraz History. You May Also Like:Viet Trap Mugshot: Black Lives Matter Protester Arrest And Charges. makeshift laboratory to develop homemade medicines for them, which he sold via mail order. Robert Franklin Stroud Obituary Robert Franklin Stroud obituary and the loss of life have been extensively searched on-line by way of the people hearing the death information. Birdman of Alcatraz CellBirdman of Alcatraz Cell (Source- Flickr), You May Also Like: Ex-NBA Player Jayson Williams Murder Update- Limo Driver Costas Gus Christofi Murdered And Shot. "[24], In February 1963 Stroud met and talked with actor Burt Lancaster, who portrayed him in The Birdman of Alcatraz. Nearly one week after his sudden passing, actor Robert Cormier's death has been revealed as the result of a bad fall, according to The Hollywood Reporter.. Cormier, known for his role as Finn . It may take up to 1 hour for your comment to appear on the website. 2. After his demise, he was interred in the old Masonic Cemetery near Metropolis, Illinois. [12], Stroud's mother appealed to President Woodrow Wilson, and the execution was halted on April 15, 1920, eight days before it was to be carried out. Because of Stroud's contributions to the field of ornithology, he gained a large following of thousands of bird breeders and poultry raisers who demanded his release,[22] and for many years a "Committee to Release Robert F. Stroud" campaigned to have Stroud released from prison. Robert Arlen Stroud, age 85, of Slidell, Louisiana passed away on Tuesday, December 27, 2022. 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It can result from systemic injustice, political instability, war, environmental degradation, natural disasters, economic decline, and other factors that can create a situation of poverty for an . The risk of dying getting out of bed is way higher. (Some sources say Stroud was her pimp, and killed the man over failure of For all the negative reports written about Robert Stroud and his behavior, in what came to be called The Battle of Alcatraz in May 1946, he made efforts to protect other inmates. A judge ruled that Stroud had the right to write and keep such manuscripts, but upheld the warden's decision to ban their publication. Stroud eventually became an expert on the subject, and he even published two books, "Stroud's Digest on the Diseases of Birds" and "Diseases of Canaries," as reported by The Vintage News. New Jersey Residents: N.J. Lic. An argument over the girl led to his fighting and killing a man. Later, it was portrayed in a film by Guy Trosper in 1962. parole, and Leavenworth's warden determined that Stroud would serve his sentence in solitary confinement. "Here is a guy with a third-grade education who somehow educated himself to write books on birds that were followed around the world," his lawyer Dudley Martin said, as reported by Reuters. Send a gift to a service or familys home. So while we searched for the statistics, we were given to recognize that Robert Franklin Stroud Cause of Death become natural reasons (The statistics turned into sourced from wikipedia). Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 November 21, 1963), known as the "Birdman of Alcatraz", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. Studies Learner Autonomy, Task-based language teaching, and Humor. He made it clear that many innocent men would die if the guards continued to fire into D Block. Even though the pair were happy with each others Company, his mother forcefully disapproved of the relationship, believing women were not helpful but trouble for her son, and moved away from the Leavenworth area. Stuhr's West Ashley Chapel. Robert Stroud's death cause occurred on natural terms at the Springfield Medical Center on November 21, 1963. According tomurder Pedia, Stroud was a bird-loving person who took care of them in the prison yard and kept them when they were found to be injured. 594. He began a relationship with an older prostitute named Kitty O'Brien, and in As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. He shot and killed a man in Alaska for assaulting a woman who may have been Stroud's girlfriend, but quite possibly a prostitute for whom Stroud was pimping. Robert lived in West Des Moines from 1964-2001. 1. Part of a manuscript he wrote about the federal prison system was published Single. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! According to Stroud, he used a "razor blade and nail for tools" and made his first bird cage out of wooden crates. However, his letter-writing privileges were greatly curtailed. All Rights Reserved. While detailing the prisoners violent behavior, the book also painted him as a man fighting to maintain his dignity within exceedingly difficult conditions. Is Wakey Wines Arrested? Robert Franklin Stroud Cause of Death A healthful lifestyles can lead us to stay for an extended time. 24. Stroud died on 21 November 1963 at the Springfield Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, Missouri, aged 73, having been incarcerated for the last 54 years of his life, of which 42 were spent in solitary confinement. He has been in numerous videos. His life of crime started at an early age, and he was sentenced to death after stabbing a prison guard to death in 1916. [17], In 1931, an attempt to force Stroud to discontinue his business and get rid of his birds failed after Stroud and one of his mail correspondents, a bird researcher from Indiana named Della Mae Jones,[18] made his story known to newspapers and magazines. In 1909, Robert Stroud killed a man in Alaska for allegedly not paying a prostitute friend her full fee. Early Years and Incarceration Robert Franklin Stroud, who earned fame as the "Birdman of Alcatraz," was born on January 28, 1890, in Seattle, Washington. Similarly, it has been more than a half-century since he left the world. He began extensive research into birds after being granted equipment by a prison-reforming warden. The manga, anime, publications, and many other platforms have also mentioned Robert Stroud as a mafia. His lawyer said that Stroud will be happy to know that the public now has access to his writing. To everything But extremely rare, & after anaphylaxis rules where tightened, death is vanishingly rare. However, the violent tendencies did not subside: After his brother was turned away in an attempted leading to the 1943 publication of his second book, Strouds Digest on the Diseases of Birds. Jones and Stroud grew so close that she moved to Kansas in 1931, and started a business with him, selling his avian medicines. Robert Franklin Stroud, who earned fame as the "Birdman of Alcatraz," was born on January 28, 1890, in Seattle, Washington. Does that answer your question about whether I would be a dangerous homosexual?"[25]. Please contact your local Neptune Society office for cremation prices, and to learn more about our cremation service. Their involvement initiated a business along, selling his medicines. Due to this reason, he got easily connected to Spore, and both could understand each others sentiments. [8] As Alaska was then a United States territory without its own judiciary, Stroud's case was handled in the federal system. From Alcatraz Prisoner Index: Name: Robert Franklin Stroud. 31. Alcatraz was known for housing the most violent criminals, and prisoners had to abide by strict rules or face consequences. He developed an interest in ornithology at 27. He finally obtained the manuscripts in 1984 and tried to have them published, but found no takers, as publishing houses were leery of potential lawsuits from Alcatraz officers. Robert E. Stroud, 89, of Mission Hills, Kansas, passed away peacefully on November 21, 2020 with his family and chaplain by his side. of 112. Sam Brinton Arrest And Charge: What Did American Nuclear Engineer Do? The authorities declined to take any action. Robert Strouds death cause occurred on natural terms at the Springfield Medical Center on November 21, 1963. 22. According to Donald Hurley, whose father was a guard at Alcatraz, "Whenever Stroud was around anyone, which was seldom, he was watched very closely, as prison officials were very aware of his overt homosexual tendencies. Additionally, most of the time, his birds were permitted to fly freely within his cells, and because of the great number of birds he kept, his cell was filthy. Chang, F. (2011). Robert Stroud: Occupation: Criminal: Age: Death Date - Nov 21 . He also reportedly stabbed another inmate who was involved in the attempt to smuggle the narcotics. attending school after reaching the third grade. You have entered an incorrect email address! Robert Franklin Stroud Cause of Death, How did Robert Franklin Stroud Die? Despite increased attention, Stroud was unsuccessful in his attempts to attain parole. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Due to this reason, he got easily connected to Spore, and both could understand each others sentiments. Similarly, it has been more than a half-century since he left the world. On November 21, 1963, Robert Stroud died at the Springfield Medical Center at the age of 73, having been incarcerated for the last 54 years of his life, of which 42 were spent in solitary confinement. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). There are various reasons for a persons death, like health troubles, accidents, suicide, etc. Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 - November 21, 1963), known as the "Birdman of Alcatraz", was a federal American prisoner who reared and sold birds and became an ornithologist. In 1959, Stroud was again transferred, to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. He was 73 years old at the time of his demise. This is an appeal from an order denying a motion filed by Stroud in the District Court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C.A. It was for that reason that he was transferred to Alcatraz in 1942. Transferred to Alcatraz December 19 . The Zambian Student Arrested news spread like wildfire across Europe. Mother Maitlyn Gandy And Family. In 1912, Stroud was transferred to Leavenworth Federal Prison in Kansas. American Criminal Robert Stroud was born Robert Franklin Stroud on 28th January, 1890 in Seattle, Washington, USA and passed away on 21st Nov 1963 Springfield, Missouri, USA aged 73. The president visited him Friday evening at the New York Presbyterian Hospital following the news of his brother's admission to the hospital. The Birdman of Alcatraz who raised over 300 canaries during his 54 year prison sentence, 42 years of which he spent in solitary confinement. Take a look below for 33 more scary and weird facts about Robert Stroud. Prison officials were not the only ones perturbed with Stroud's marriage; his mother was also incensed. Stroud began serving a 17 year term at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on December 19, 1942, and became inmate #594. It was also staged by John Frankenheimer and starred Burt Lancaster as Stroud. Stroud was regarded as a great ornithologist and corresponded with other experts as well. . Robert Franklin Stroud died on November 21, 1963 at age 73. manuscripts in 1984 and tried to have them published, but found no takers, as publishing houses were leery of potential lawsuits from Alcatraz officers. He was 73 years old at the time of his demise. White. They have also lived in La Harpe, KS. Biochemistry and BIophysics [email protected] +1 415 476-3937. Manim is an enthusiast for reading novels, and her every day starts with writing an article for Geniuscelebs. What Is Athena Strand Father Name? In 1909, Stroud was convicted of manslaughter after he had brutally murdered a man who refused to pay for the prostitute for whom . palmetto high school basketball tickets I was hoping that his book on Ornithological pathology was on-line even though out of date at this time in medical technology it be an interesting reference with possible insights. Your email address will not be published. The best result we found for your search is Robert Eugene Stroud age 50s in Moran, KS. He was convicted in a second trial on May 28, 1917, but after receiving a life sentence, the Solicitor General John W. Davis voluntarily submitted a "confessed error" because he wanted Stroud to receive the death penalty. . early 1909, after O'Brien was beaten by a former lover, Stroud shot and killed the offender. His life of crime started at an early age, and he was sentenced to death after stabbing a prison guard to death in 1916. Stroud was imprisoned at the Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary located in Kansas. Home; Categories. Even though he was sentenced to prison, he died at a medical center following health issues. What Robert Stroud's Life In Prison Was Really Like. Toronto Mayor Resign After Affair With Ex-Staffer- Scandal ExplainedContinue, Your email address will not be published. Robert Stroud. Many celebrities are showing their condolence to the bereaved own family. Morgan persuaded the President to stipulate that since Stroud was originally sentenced to await his death sentence in solitary confinement, those conditions should prevail until the halted execution could be carried out. In 1908, at age 18, he left home and traveled to Cordova, Alaska, to seek his fortune, and began a relationship with Kitty O'Brien, a 36-year-old dance hall girl and prostitute. Occasionally, he was permitted to play chess with one of the guards. Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 - November 21, 1963), known as the "Birdman of Alcatraz", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. In 1916 was sentenced to DEATH for MURDER of a Custodial Officer. Mother's name: Elizabeth Jane Mccartney. from natural causes, on November . After having high notoriety for his actions, many want to learn about his personal life. In latest instances, Robert Franklin Strouds loss of life became surfed by way of many people. Robert Stroud Dies in Prison; 'Birdman of Alcatraz' Was 73; Convicted: Murderer Became Expert on Bird Diseases -In Solitary 42 Years Best-Known Convict Gets 12-Year Sentence Commuted by Wilson. [28] However, because Stroud had killed a federal officer, his punishment in solitary confinement remained intact. A federal search warrant unsealed Thursday alleges "bomb-making materials" were found in the apartment of Highland Park massacre suspect Robert Crimo III, who allegedly told authorities in an . "[4] In 1955, Stroud was the subject of Thomas E. Gaddiss acclaimed biography Birdman of Alcatraz.. She was a bird researcher from Indiana who helped Robert numerous times, and the duo developed a strong bond over a short period. He was raised and is buried in Metropolis, Ill. At the turn of the 20th century, he moved to Alaska territory, where he . Over the years, he raised nearly 300 canaries in his cells. He was interred in the old Masonic Cemetery near Metropolis, Illinois, after a private funeral ceremony at Aikins-Farmer Funeral Home on November 25. How old was Robert Stroud at death? This event is not sponsored by, or affiliated with, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the California Department of Veterans Affairs, or any other congressionally chartered or recognized organization of honorably discharged members of the Armed Forces of the United States, or any of their auxiliaries. In the end Stroud was able to keep both his birds and canary-selling business at Leavenworth.[17]. A massive letter campaign and a 50,000-signature petition sent to President Herbert Hoover resulted in Stroud being permitted to keep his birds. In 1959, with his health failing, Stroud was transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. He would feel appreciated for what he had done," Martin said. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Viet Trap Mugshot: Black Lives Matter Protester Arrest And Charges, Robert Stroud Wife, Della May Spore, And Family Members. He occupied his time raising and caring for his birds, which he could sell for supplies and to help support his mother. Death Date: 21 Nov 1963. But how Robert Franklin Stroud died is doubtful to some human beings, so right here you could check Robert Franklin Strouds Cause of Death. After the statute of limitations passed, Looking Outward, A Voice From the Grave finally appeared in eBook form in February 2014. Select this result to view Robert Stroud's phone number, address, and more. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. He was born on January 28, 1890 and his birthplace is Seattle, WA. Later, it was portrayed in a film by Guy Trosper in 1962. Toronto Mayor Resign After Affair With Ex-Staffer- Scandal Explained. Download Print. Even though he was sentenced to prison, he died at a medical center following health issues. In 1955, Stroud was the subject of Thomas E. Gaddis's acclaimed biography Birdman of Alcatraz. Fond memories and expressions of sympathy may be shared at www.neptunesociety.com/location/new-orleans-cremation for the Stroud family. The Life Summary of Robert Edward. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [1][2][3] During his time at Leavenworth Penitentiary, he reared and sold birds and became a respected ornithologist. in 2014, more than 50 years after his death. Updates? He was known for being a Criminal. The Birdman of Alcatraz, The Story of Robert Stroud Recorded by a Former Alcatraz Prisoner Many celebrities passed away recently because of various reasons. [7] According to police reports, Stroud knocked von Dahmer unconscious and then shot him at point-blank range. ; . Read More: World News | Entertainment News | Celeb News TG. Stroud was also a sociopathic pedophile - and murderer - who killed an Alaskan bartender who had only 'tipped' Stroud's girl $2- after spending night with her. Birth Place: Seattle, WA. His father was an abusive alcoholic, and Stroud ran away from home at the age of 13. Talking about Torys mayoral journey, he was elected for the first, Read More Is John Tory Leaving Or Fired? Stroud was the Birdman in question, a man who ultimately spent 54 of his 73 years in various federal prisons. Simple Product But how Robert Franklin Stroud died is doubtful to some human beings, so right here you could check Robert Franklin Stroud's Cause of Death. This was later commuted to LIFE. | All testimonials are written by persons unlicensed and not qualified to make funeral arrangements, embalm or conduct a funeral. But this can not follow to all because of their career and busy schedules. Some of the information I found on Stroud (Bird-man) was conflicting & seemed abridged at best. Whereas previously she had been a strong advocate for her son, helping him with legal battles, she now argued against his application for parole, and became a major obstacle in his attempts to be released from the prison system. Stroud was a difficult prisoner and was prone to violence and outbursts, and because of that, he spent decades in solitary confinement. 5260 Daniel J. Enea, Manager. From 1942 to 1959, he was incarcerated at Alcatraz, where regulations did not allow him to keep birds. of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Dept. . Many famous people had portrayed the scene, but Stroud was never permitted to watch the movie. Their involvement initiated a business along, selling his medicines. Robert Stroud spent 54 years in prison, and he was in solitary confinement for 42 of those years. Raised by an abusive father, he stopped 21. Anyone can read what you share. The Birdman of Leavenworth While at Leavenworth, Stroud found a nest of injured sparrows in the prison yard and raised them to adulthood. Father's name: Frank Robert Stroud. Stroud wrote Diseases of Canaries, which was smuggled out of Leavenworth and published in 1933,[4] as well as a later edition (1943). In 1959, Stroud was transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, where he remained until his death on November 21, 1963, the day before the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. . He became born in January 28, 1890; he turned into a a hit person who received more reputation in his profession. Leavenworth Federal Prison, where he breeded canaries and wrote two books on the subject. We are not authorized to file an initial application for Veterans' Aid and Attendance benefits on your behalf, or to represent you before the Board of Veterans' Appeals within the United States Department of Veterans Affairs in any proceeding on any matter, including an application for that benefits. Robert Stroud's death cause occurred on natural terms at the Springfield Medical Center on November 21, 1963. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 8(1), 1-22. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963. 11. In 1959 he was transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners at Springfield, Missouri, where he spent the last four years of his life. At 18, Stroud made his way to Alaska territory to work on a railroad construction gang. He was 73 years old at the time of his demise. When he arrived at Alcatraz, Stroud focused his attention on the prison system. 8. This category includes civil, church, cemetery, obituary, and other death-related collections. Robert Stroud death cause was on natural terms, but he was condemned to first-degree killing and penalized for death hang. [4] Prisoners were sometimes allowed to buy canaries, and Stroud had started to add to his collection. An athlete turned actor, Strode was a top-notch decathlete and a football star at UCLA. still pending when he was discovered dead in his cell, from natural causes, on November 21, 1963. Stroud gained a reputation as a dangerous inmate who frequently had confrontations with fellow inmates and staff, and in 1916, he stabbed and killed a guard. 15. Robert Stroud, the birdman, died of natural causes in the medical center for federal prisoners. Send a note, share a story or upload a photo. Click link to read full story. Jeremy Ruehlemann was a well-known American model and Instagram star. Jeremy Ruehlemann Cause Of Death And Obituary: How Did Model Die? In 1963, Richard M. English, a young lawyer who had campaigned for John F. Kennedy in California, took to the cause of securing Stroud's release. The sentence was thrown out in December by the U.S. Supreme Court, because the jury had not said that it intended for Stroud to hang. Still, behind several trials, his penalty was commuted to life imprisonment in solitary confinement. . . [31], In music, Stroud has been the subject of the instrumental "Birdman of Alcatraz" from Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record (1977), a concept album about criminality,[32] and the song "The Birdman" by Our Lady Peace is also about him. ', Idaho Murders: What Led Police to Bryan Kohberger, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Robert, Birth Year: 1890, Birth date: January 28, 1890, Birth State: Washington, Birth City: Seattle, Birth Country: United States, Best Known For: Convicted murderer Robert Stroud became an expert in ornithology while incarcerated, later earning fame as the 'Birdman of Alcatraz. During his 17-year term at Alcatraz, Stroud was allowed access to the prison library, and began studying law. 2023 Neptune Society. Robert Stroud, also known as the "Birdman of Alcatraz," was a murderer who spent 54 years in prison. Robert Stroud was married to Della May Spore. 10. In 1943, he was assessed by psychiatrist Romney M. Ritchey, who diagnosed him as a psychopath, but with an I.Q. Robert Franklin Stroud's Cause of Death- Robert Franklin Stroud became an Pimp; Salesman; Ornithologist who exceeded away at seventy three years. Even though he was sentenced to prison, he died at a medical centre following health issues. He displayed an interest in learning at his new facility, taking university extension courses However, by his last years, Stroud's behavior had improved and he was viewed more favorably; Judge Becker considered Stroud to be modest, no longer a danger to society, and as having a genuine love for birds. 354.1 of the Criminal Code. Academic discussion tasks: A study of EFL . Stroud wrote Diseases of Canaries, which was smuggled out of Leavenworth and published in 1933, as well as a later edition in 1943. He also filed a lawsuit to have his manuscripts released, and a decision was In 1962, he feature film Birdman of Alcatraz was released in theaters, featuring Burt Lancaster in an Academy Award-nominated role as a mild-mannered, reformed version of Stroud. However, President .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Woodrow Wilson in 1920 commuted the sentence to life imprisonment without