On the humerus, the capsule attaches to its anatomical neck. The impingement syndrome in paraplegics. Workout Plans Google Scholar. There are some variations of the bench press exercise including the close-grip bench press, wide-grip bench press, incline bench press, decline bench press, dumbbell chest press, bench press with bands, and reverse-grip bench press. It is a ball-and-socket joint, formed between the glenoid fossa of scapula (gleno-) and the head of humerus (-humeral). Plachel F, Akgn D, Imiolczyk JP, Minkus M, Moroder P. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. Thus repositioning the glenohumeral joint, and upper limb, within space. The AC joint is a diarthrodial and synovial joint. In individuals with paraplegia, this precise estimation of torque ratios may lead to the development of specific shoulder strengthening programs to prevent muscle imbalance and its consequences. Relationships Between National Football League Combine Performance Measures. A couple of questions have come up with this and specifically I want to know what the antagonist is if the delts are the prime mover: Choice is out of pecs, traps or lats. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Biceps Brachii. A pre-loading period of 1s, which allowed the participants to place their series elastic components under tension and build up their strength, ascertains the production of maximum strength early during the movement.8 For each movement tested, two trials were performed for each muscle group. Google Scholar. Codine P, Bernard PL, Pocholle M, Herisson C . The subscapular bursa sits between the capsule and the subscapularis tendon, while the coracobrachial bursa is located between the subscapularis and coracobrachialis muscles. Influence of contractile tension development on dynamic strength measurements of the plantarflexors in man. The neuromuscular control of the shoulder also requires a well-developed sense of motor control and proprioception. Pldoja E, Rahu, M., Kask, M.,Weyers, I., & Kolts, I. Coracobrachialis. The comprehensive textbook of clinical biomechanics (2nd ed.). All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. Essentially the Antagonist muscle is the opposing muscle to the Agonist. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. [15][16][17][18], Although posterior tilting is generally understood as primarily an acromioclavicular joint motion, the tilting that occurs at the scapula during arm elevation is crucial in order to minimize the encroachment of soft tissues passing under the acromial arch. (2015). Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 17651769. Start with a standard grip of the bar approximately shoulder-width and the upper arms abducted about 45, and avoid an excessively wide or narrow grip. [26] Regardless of the classification, the dysfunctional shoulder mechanisms can further the progression of rotator cuff disease[27] and must therefore be understood as a neuromuscular impairment. Sternum: sternum consist of manubirum where SC joint attached ,body where ribs attached and xiphoid process. The mean peak torque ratio for each angular velocity is also illustrated for comparison purposes in these same figures. Morgan R, & Herrington, L. The effect of tackling on shoulder joint positioning sense in semi-professional rugby players. Joint torques in each direction were measured between 15 and 60 of shoulder abduction. shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist; advantages and disadvantages of apec in png shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist. Usually, ratios are evaluated using the isokinetic peak torque of the agonist muscle compared to that of the antagonist muscle, in concentric or eccentric mode, without reference to the angles (segment positions) where these peak torques are obtained.7 Most likely, peak torques do not occur at the same angle for the agonist and antagonist muscle groups irrespective of the mode of contraction (eccentric or concentric). To visualize the stretch reflex, imagine stretching a rubber band and then immediately letting go. To effectively rehabilitate a shoulder injury in clinical practice, it is important to have a functional knowledge of the underlying biomechanics of the shoulder complex. As previously noted, due to the anatomical passage of the common RC tendon within the subacromial space, the RC tendons are particularly vulnerable to compression, abnormal friction, and ultimately an impingement (pinching) during active tasks. The weight-bearing shoulder. Lower the barbell until a slight stretch is felt in the pectorals. Journal of Sports Science, 8:1-7.Green, CM, Comfort, P. (2007). In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens. Here atKenhub, we offer you one of the greatest strategies to cement your knowledge, which involvescreating your own flashcards! the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Calculating isokinetic shoulder torque ratios is a well-accepted method for highlighting the imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscle groups. Clavicle: clavicle is long bone has convex medial two third and concave lateral one third. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the isokinetic flexorextensor and abductoradductor torque ratios of the dominant shoulder in individuals with complete motor paraplegia using a new interpretative approach. You can even add and remove individual muscles if you like. J Biomech 1988; 21: 8996. An ex post facto study design compared 15 male powerlifters (35.3 13.7 years old) and 15 age-matched controls (34.9 14.6 years old). Every muscle can be an Agonist, and every muscle has an antagonist paired muscle. For the shoulder flexion and extension movements, participants grasped the handgrip with their forearm in a neutral position with their elbow in slight flexion (35). The .gov means its official. The stretching of the rubber band creates a storage of potential energy, and upon release the rubber band flies through the air. Shoulder impingement: biomechanical considerations in rehabilitation. Pectoralis minor length was significantly shorter among the powerlifters (6.1 1.9 vs. 4.2 1.4; p = 0.005); however, there was no statistical difference in thoracic kyphosis (37.7 9.4 vs. 39.1 10.9; p = 0.722), pelvic tilt (10.6 3.6 vs. 11.3 3.7; p = 0.622), or lumbar lordosis (25.0 7.6 vs. 23.0 8.4; p = 0.500) angles. The loose inferior capsule forms a fold when the arm is in the anatomical position. Late complications of the weight-bearing upper extremity in the paraplegic patient. The barbell bench press is a compound, multi-joint exercise designed to target many muscles of the upper body (Figure 1). flexion, horizontal adduction, & internal rotation Middle fibers: abduction . Being a ball-and-socket joint, it allows movements in three degrees of freedom (average maximum glenohumeral active RoM is shown in brackets); Combination of these movements gives circumduction. Provide recommendations for beginning fitness enthusiasts wishing to perform the bench press exercise. It is believed that the supraspinatus is important for movement initiation and early abduction, while the deltoid muscle is engaged from approximately 20 of abduction and carried the arm through to the full 180 of abduction. 2018 Nov;32(11):3020-3028. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002824. For torque ratios to become more representative of the agonist and antagonist demands found during functional activities, some authors proposed to calculate ratios in reference to the mode of contraction in which the muscle is usually solicited, that is, in concentric or eccentric mode. The effect of age, hand dominance and gender. et al. This new interpretative approach proposed to study torque ratios between agonist and antagonist muscle groups according to specific joint angle sections over a selected range of motion. It extends to the lesser tubercle of humerus. In: Simon L, Plissier J, Hrisson C (eds). J Strength Cond Res. Fast-Twitch Vs. Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber Types + Training Tips, The 9 Best Arm Exercises for Muscle Definition & Strength, By Brian Sutton, MA, MS, CSCS, NASM-CPT, CNC, CES, PES, Resting Metabolic Rate: How to Calculate and Improve Yours, Powerlifting vs. Bodybuilding: Spot the Difference, Spring Clean Your Sleep A Guide to Better Napping, No Excuses: Avoid These Diet Pitfalls in 2023, How to Keep Your Bodybuilding Clients Accountable, > Anterior Deltoid (front of shoulder muscle). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Although the agonistantagonist peak torque ratio provides an estimate of the agonistantagonist muscle strength relationship, the use of the agonistantagonist peak torque ratio appears inadequate, at first, to conclude on the dynamic agonistantagonist muscle strength balance observed over the entire range of movement possible at a joint. The joints capsular pattern is externalrotation, followed by abduction, internal rotation and flexion. Thus shoulder rotator muscles were not assessed in this study. List and identify some agonist, antagonist muscle groups. The rotator cuff muscles are four muscles that form a musculotendinous unit around the shoulder joint. The function of this entire muscular apparatus is to produce movement at the shoulder joint while keeping the head of humerus stableand centralized within the glenoid cavity. The glenohumeral joint is innervated by the subscapular nerve (C5-C6), a branch of the posterior cord of brachial plexus. (2014). Glenohumeral Flexion Agonists - Anterior Deltoid - Upper Pectoralis Major. Google Scholar. exercise science, Bench Press Targeted Muscles, Grips, and Movement Patterns, Brian Sutton, MA, MS, CSCS, NASM-CPT, CNC, CES, PES, If you want to avoid elbow pain while benching, A Nutritious Obsession? It becomes stretched, and least supported, when the arm is abducted. Performing these exercises (with a light load) may improve motor learning and quicken the time it takes to learn proper technique. Blood supply of the subacromial bursa and rotator cuff tendons on the bursal side. 27 febrero, 2023 . and JavaScript. Epub 2021 Dec 23. Richards, J. Deltoid (agonist) and Latissimus Dorsi (antagonist), Biceps . The effects of grip width on sticking region in bench press. Register now The opposite, or antagonistic, action of. Those would be the shoulder extensors: long head of triceps, Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions. To visualize the Valsalva maneuver; it is most commonly performed in everyday life during a forceful bowel movement. In particular, accessory adductor muscles serve to counter the strong internalrotation produced by pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. The transverse humeral ligament extends horizontally between the tubercles of the humerus. Nicola McLaren MSc lisa pera wikipedia. More specifically to the GH joint, the fine-tuning stabilizers are just as important to the shoulder complex as the global movers for coordinated and smooth shoulder movements. When weakness or neuromuscular dysfunction of the scapular musculature is present, normal scapular arthrokinematics become altered,[20] and ultimately predisposes an individual to an injury of the GH joint. Shoulder pain and its consequences in paraplegic spinal cord-injured, wheelchair users. Semimembranosus, Rectus Femoris Similarly the subcoracoid bursae are found between the capsule and the coracoid process of the scapula. Barbell Bench Press: Targeted Muscle Groups. Effects of Different Volume-Equated Resistance Training Loading Strategies on Muscular Adaptations in Well-Trained Men. In addition, these torque curves confirm that the peak torque ratios are systematically calculated from noncorresponding angle values, which are usually recorded at both ends of the range of motion. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Epub 2022 Jan 5. Isolated agonist and antagonist torque curve analyses should not be neglected when reporting strength ratios. Scheduled maintenance: Saturday, December 10 from 10PM to 11PM PST For the correlations between the peak torque and the angle subgroup's mean torque, they are also presented in Table 3 and 4. Shoulder joint position sense improves with elevation angle in a novel, unconstrained task. An area most often involved in the cases of shoulder pain is the subacromial space, which includes the theoretical space between the coracoacromial arch and the head of the humerus. A detailed assessment of agonistantagonist muscle balance, especially around the shoulder joints, is of key relevance among individuals with SCI given the fact that the level of lesion and the functional status of the U/Es may change muscle strength. The primary joint actions that occur during the bench press include: Table 1 provides a list of involved musculature. Some researchers found the reason for the sticking point may be a loss of elastic energy from the stretch reflex discussed previously (Elliot, Wilson & Kerr, 1989). Orthopedic physical assessment (6th ed.). 2021 Mar 1;35(3):652-658. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002722. Scoville CR, Arciero RA, Taylor DC, Stoneman PD . Thank you for visiting nature.com. (2014). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. More precisely, a progressive decline of both the F/E and Ab/Ad ratios was noted as the shoulder flexion or abduction progressed. ISSN 1476-5624 (online) Souza AL, Boninger ML, Fitzgerald SG, Shimada SD, Cooper RA, Ambrosio F . [8][9], Del Maso and colleagues have estimated that a maximum of 7.5 mm of upward translation of the humeral head may occur during range of motion movements,[9] which is not an insignificant amount of migration for a large bony structure to experience within a compact space during a dynamic task. Reciprocal strength ratio in shoulder abduction/adduction in sports and daily living. Flexion of the shoulder: Synergist Muscle. Bayley JC, Cochran TP, Sledge CB . Glenohumeral and transverse humeral are capsular ligaments while coracohumeral is an accessory ligament. Some individuals shorter in stature may not be able to place their feet flat on the floor. Brand names; Anacin, Feverall, Panadol, and Tylenol. . Typically, shoulder flexion and extension torque as well as abduction and adduction torque were the highest at the start of the movement amplitude tested and progressively decreased thereafter. Muscles that work like this are called antagonistic pairs. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2002; 32: 399404. For the sake of clarification, the current literature differentiates between an internal impingement and an external impingement. Strength imbalances, including shoulder horizontal adduction:abduction and knee flexion:extension, and a shortened pectoralis minor may evolve as training adaptations among powerlifters, whereas thoracic kyphosis, pelvic tilt, and lumbar lordosis remain unchanged. The stabilizing muscles of the GH articulation,the supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor,are often summarized as the rotator cuff (RC) complex, andattach to the humeral head within the glenoid fossa. There are variations in elbow position an individual can use when performing the barbell bench press. Dehail, P., Gagnon, D., Noreau, L. et al. Mechanotendinous receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs), capsuloligamentous receptors (ruffini and pacinian corpuscles) as well as cutaneous receptors (meissner, merkel and free nerve endings) are responsible for our sense of touch, vibration, proprioceptive positioning, as well as provide the feedback regarding muscle length, tension, orientation, further to the speed and strength of the contractions of the muscle fibers. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. The abductor and adductor strength characteristics of professional baseball pitcherse. The sticking point occurs shortly after the initiation of the concentric phase of the lift, typically when the bar is 3-16 cm from the chest (Van den Tilaar & Ettema, 2013). The Valsalva maneuver requires a bearing down technique in which a person exhales through a closed glottis (airway). Routing number of commercial bank of Ethiopia? [12], The individualized tendons of the RC complex are directly affiliated with limiting the translation of the humeral head in specific directions. Careers. However, no consensus exists as to the torque assessment methods and approaches used to report torque ratios. An optimal level of external stabilization was provided to ensure that participants exerted maximum effort. This is a stabilizing mechanism in which compression of the humerus into the concavity of glenoid fossa prevents its dislocation by translating forces. Table 1. It acts to limit inferior translation and excessive externalrotation of the humerus. J Strength Cond Res. Both antagonist and agonist muscles are used for stabilization. Preserve the natural curvature of the lumbar spine (low-back) throughout the entire lift. Objectives: Exploring the isokinetic work ratios of eccentric antagonist/concentric agonist shoulder rotators in the late cocking and deceleration phases of a forehand overhead smash in badminton players. It allows for axial rotations and antero-posterior glides. 2009 Jan;23(1):148-57. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818eafb4. Last reviewed: February 27, 2023 (2013). Jam B. The labrum acts to deepen the glenoid fossa slightly, it is triangular in shape and thicker anteriorly than inferiorly. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies An evaluation of agonist:antagonist strength ratios and posture among powerlifters. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article). Copyright Basic biomechanics (7th ed.). Acta Physiol Scand 1983; 119: 317320. Jump straight into the anatomy of the glenohumeral joint with this integrated quiz: Explore our video tutorials, quizzes, articles and atlas images of glenohumeral joint for a full understanding of its anatomy. Explain the differences between migration and preening. > Exhale during the lifting (concentric) phase. The main lateral rotators are the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles, with help from the posterior fibers of the deltoid muscle. 8600 Rockville Pike The site is secure. What is the labour of cable stayed bridges? It does not discuss the bench press as it relates to performance such as competing in powerlifting. (2015). Broken arrow indicates the angle value where abduction and adduction torques are equal. Article Vastus Intermedius The synchronized contractions of the RC muscles must maintain the centralized positioning of the humeral head during movements in order to avoid the physical encroachment of tissues, predominantly anteriorly or superiorly to the GH joint, which has been linked to injury and pain amongst the shoulder region. Bernard PL, Peruchon E, Micallef JP, Hertog C, Rabischong P . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Upper limb function in persons with long-term paraplegia and implications for independence: part I. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 211218. The surface of the humeral head is three to four times larger than the surface of glenoid fossa, meaning that only a third of the humeral head is ever in contact with the fossa and labrum. The middle and inferior ligaments tense during abduction, while the superior is relaxed. Range of Motion Adaptations in Powerlifters. The neuromuscular control of the scapula relies on the balanced team-work between the global movers and the fine-tuning stabilizing muscles of the shoulder complex. Activities of the arm rely on movement from not only the glenohumeral joint but also the scapulothoracic joint (acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and scapulothoracic articulations). Here the capsule arches over the supraglenoid tubercle and its long head of biceps brachii muscleattachment, thus making these intra-articular structures. Rotator cuff tendinosis in an animal model: Role of extrinsic and overuse factors. From these data, the shoulder flexionextension (F/E) and abductionadduction (Ab/Ad) torque ratio curves were calculated. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The additional accessory movements of spin, roll and slide (glide) are also available within the glenohumeral joint. Voisin P, Weissland T, Maillet M, Schumacker P, Delahaye H, Vanvelcenaher J . seated leg curl, good morning, forward step lunge, step-up, horizontal leg press, hip sled, deadlift, hack squat, back squat, front squat, push jerk/push . In addition, peak torque and peak torque ratios (F/E and Ab/Ad peak torque ratios) were also assessed independently of joint position. The inferior glenohumeral ligament is a sling-like ligament extending between the glenoid labrum and the inferomedial part of the humeral neck. Revue critique de l'valuation isocintique de l'paule. Answer (1 of 2): There is a group of muscles that attach to the medial epicondyle on the humerus and distally to the base of the fingers and thumb (e.g.flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris) - for wrist flexion they are the agonists. Learning how to retract the scapulae, contract the abdominals, proper breathing, and controlling the path of the bar is a lot to learn in the initial stages. Am J Sports Med 1995; 23: 307311. Semitendinosus One repetition maximum bench press performance: A new approach for its evaluation in inexperienced males and females: A pilot study. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from http://www.exrx.net/Kinesiology/BenchPress.html.Bianco, A., Filingeri, D., Paoli, A., & Palma, A. Comparison of Isolated Lumbar Extension Strength in Competitive and Noncompetitive Powerlifters, and Recreationally Trained Men. Glenohumeral joint: want to learn more about it? An impingement that involves a decreased space towards the coracoacromial arch is said to be an external impingement, whereas an internal impingement involves the glenoid rim,[18] and can be associated with a GH instability. A study of antagonist/agonist isokinetic work ratios of shoulder rotators in men who play badminton. Gravel D, Richards CL, Filion M . weakness of any muscle change normal kinematic chain of the joint. On the scapula, the capsule has two lines of attachments. Many muscles are involved in the joint actions listed above. What is the answer punchline algebra 15.1 why dose a chicken coop have only two doors? Neer CS. Disclaimer. For all movements tested, maximum isokinetic concentric contractions were completed at 30, 60 and 120s1. For those new to exercise it is important to take a slow and progressive approach to the bench press. The glenoid fossa is a shallow pear-shaped pit on the superolateral angle of scapula. Article After the continuous torque curves were rebuilt, the mean F/E and Ab/Ad torque ratios were calculated and analyzed every 15. The muscle that is contracting is called the. Interventional Medicine and Applied Science, 4(4), 217-220. doi:10.1556/IMAS.4.2012.4.7Robbins, D. (2012). This shoulder function comes at the cost of stability however, as the bony surfaces offer little support. None of the participants had the ability to ambulate despite the use of technical or technological aids. (b) Water can act both as an acid and as a base. Yildiz Y, Aydin T, Sekir U, Kiralp MZ, Hazneci B, Kalyon TA . Struyf F, Nijs, J., Baeyens, J.P., Mottram, S., Meeusen, R. Scapular positioning and movement in unimpaired shoulders, shoulder impingement syndrome, and glenohumeral instability. A custom-made Labview program allowed real-time observation and recording of the torque, angle and velocity of movements of all tests performed. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. 2023 Jan 1;37(1):123-128. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004205. The bench press is a popular exercise and there is ample evidence describing its use for improving upper body muscular endurance, strength, muscle size, and power.This article discusses the traditional barbell bench press from a fitness perspective. Strength imbalances, including shoulder horizontal adduction:abduction and knee flexion:extension, and a shortened pectoralis minor may evolve as training adaptations among powerlifters, whereas thoracic kyphosis, pelvic tilt, and lumbar lordosis remain unchanged. The prime abductors of the arm are the supraspinatus and deltoid muscles. A convenience sample of 16 males (volunteers) with severe sensorymotor impairments at their trunk and lower extremities secondary to spinal cord lesion resulting from a traumatic injury participated in this study (Table 1). Both bands stabilize the humeral head when the arm is abducted above 90. The first is the rotator interval, an area of unreinforced capsule that exists between the subscapularis and supraspinatus tendons. . In other words, keep the spine in a neutral position. For these authors, this method is well adapted for investigating shoulder dynamic stability, especially among athletes performing overhead tasks (that is, throwing). Sixteen individuals with complete motor paraplegia, without shoulder pain or impairment, were included in this study. Hes earned an MA in Sport Management from the University of San Francisco, an MS in Exercise Science from the California University of Pennsylvania, and several certifications from NASM and NSCA. The second is the inferior capsular aspect, this is the point where the capsule is the weakest. Broken arrow indicates the angle value where flexion and extension torques are equal. Ludewig PM, & Reynolds, J.F. February 27, 2023 new bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 No Comments . In addition, it may improve the specificity and precision of a resistance strength training protocol intended for these patients. Lephart SM, Pincivero, D.M., Giraldo, J.L., & Fu, F.H. This suggests that a peak torque ratio may not adequately describe the dynamic agonistantagonist muscle balance of an articulation. After verifying the normality of the distribution for each 15 angle subgroup generated for all movements studied using the KolmogorovSmirnov test for each angular velocity, Pearson productmoment coefficients of correlation were used to determine the association between the reference angle subgroup torque and the other angle subgroup torque values for each movement. the agonist is the muscle that contracts to make movement and the antagonist is the muscle that relaxes to allow movement so it all depends on the sporting action for example striking the. The musculature of the shoulder region can be subdivided into the global movers of the shoulder and the fine-tuning stabilizers of the individual articulations. The middle glenohumeral ligament attaches along the anterior glenoid margin of the scapula, just inferior to the superior GH ligament. National Library of Medicine Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26, 226-231. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31821d5e1bSchoenfeld, B., Ratamess, N., Peterson, M., Contreras, B., Sonmez, G., & Alvar, B. Such an approach would only be adequate in the presence of a perfect correlation between the agonist and antagonist muscles over the entire tested range of motion, which is not expected in clinical practice. An isokinetic dynamometric assessment was completed using a Biodex system to quantify maximum voluntary concentric strength of the right shoulder flexors, extensors, abductors and adductors. The glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the spherical head of the humerus and the concave glenoid fossa of the scapula. [9][10], As illustrated by the force-vectors of their respected moment arms, the RC tendons collectively have been accredited with the compression of the humeral head within the glenoid fossa during movements. The glenohumeral, or shoulder, joint is a synovial joint that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton. New paradigms in rotator cuff retraining. Spinal Cord 2004; 42: 4146. The bench press is one of the most popular exercises in the fitness and sports community and is often used as a measuring stick for evaluating upper body strength (Robbins 2012; Bianco, Paoli & Palma 2014). Cael, C. (2010). Lukasiewicz A. C. MP, Michener L., Pratt N., & Sennett B. . Site Management shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist Paine RM, & Voight, M.L. The cross point, defined as the point where agonist and antagonist muscle torques are equal, always occurred within the fifth 15 angle subgroup (26-40) for the shoulder flexion-extension . the rounded medial sternal end articulate with sternum to form sternoclavicular joint while the other flat end articulate with acromion to form acromioclavicular joint. Again, because of the floating nature of the scapula along the thorax, it too, must rely on the kinship between the cortical direction provided by the nervous system and the resulting action of the MSK system. The upper extremities (U/E) become the propulsive segments for manual wheelchair mobility among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Gombera MM, & Sekiya, J.K. Rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability: a systematic review. It is also important to note that muscle activation varies depending if the muscle is performing an eccentric muscle action or a concentric muscle contraction, as well as the technique selected by the lifter (i.e., wide grip versus narrow grip).

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